Impact of Active Power Control for Hosting Capacity Grid-Connected PV Systems
Keywords:
Hosting capacity, Low-voltage (LV), Photovoltaic system, Real power control, Smart inverterAbstract
Due to political, social, economic, environmental, and scientific advancements, renewable energy is gaining increasing popularity worldwide. This stands in contrast to traditional fossil fuel-based resources, which face challenges such as diminishing supplies, unstable global prices, and greenhouse gas emissions that harm the environment. However, the incorporation of distributed generation (DG) units can give rise to various issues, including over- and under-voltages, excessive line losses, overloading of transformers and feeders, failure of the protection system, and high levels of harmonic distortion that exceeds international standards. These problems arise when the system exceeds its hosting capacity (HC) limit or when the number of DG units surpasses the maximum allowable penetration level. This study aims to assess the hosting capacity of a Photovoltaic (PV) system in a low-voltage distribution grid through the utilization of a smart inverter with Volt-Watt control or active power control. Additionally, it investigates the impact of temperature, irradiance, and three-phase faults on the system's hosting capacity without causing disruptions to its regular operation. MATLAB Simulink is employed for this analysis. The findings indicate an improvement in the voltage profile at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC).
References
M. H. J. Bollen and S. K. Rönnberg, “Hosting capacity of the power grid for renewable electricity production and new large consumption equipment,” Energies, vol. 10, no. 9, 2017, doi: 10.3390/en10091325.
Y. J. Liu, Y. H. Tai, C. Y. Huang, H. J. Su, P. H. Lan, and M. K. Hsieh, “Assessment of the PV hosting capacity for the medium-voltage 11.4 kV distribution feeder,” Proc. 4th IEEE Int. Conf. Appl. Syst. Innov. 2018, ICASI 2018, pp. 381–384, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ICASI.2018.8394262.
P. Mohammadi and S. Mehraeen, “Challenges of PV Integration in Low-Voltage Secondary Networks,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 525–535, 2017, doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2016.2556692.
M. Karimi, H. Mokhlis, K. Naidu, S. Uddin, and A. H. A. Bakar, “Photovoltaic penetration issues and impacts in distribution network - A review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 53, pp. 594–605, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.042.
J. Smith et al., “Power quality aspects of solar power – results from CIGRE JWG C4/C6.29,” CIRED - Open Access Proc. J., vol. 2017, no. 1, pp. 809–813, 2017, doi: 10.1049/oap-cired.2017.0351.
D. Chathurangi, U. Jayatunga, S. Perera, A. Agalgaonkar, T. Siyambalapitiya, and A. Wickramasinghe, “Connection of solar PV to LV networks: Considerations for maximum penetration level,” Australas. Univ. Power Eng. Conf. AUPEC 2018, pp. 1–6, 2018, doi: 10.1109/AUPEC.2018.8757962.
P. Hasanpor Divshali and L. Soder, “Improving Hosting Capacity of Rooftop PVs by Quadratic Control of an LV-Central BSS,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 919–927, 2019, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2017.2754943.
F. Ding and B. Mather, “On Distributed PV Hosting Capacity Estimation, Sensitivity Study, and Improvement,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1010–1020, 2017, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2016.2640239.
L. Collins and J. K. Ward, “Real and reactive power control of distributed PV inverters for overvoltage prevention and increased renewable generation hosting capacity,” Renew. Energy, vol. 81, pp. 464–471, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2015.03.012.
T. S. Ustun, J. Hashimoto, and K. Otani, “Impact of Smart Inverters on Feeder Hosting Capacity of Distribution Networks,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 163526–163536, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2952569.
K. Luo and W. Shi, “Comparison of Voltage Control by Inverters for Improving the PV Penetration in Low Voltage Networks,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 161488–161497, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3021079.
E. Mulenga, M. H. J. Bollen, and N. Etherden, “A review of hosting capacity quantification methods for photovoltaics in low-voltage distribution grids,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 115, no. June 2019, p. 105445, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.105445.
I. Hamdan, A. Alfouly and M. A. Ismeil, “‘Hosting Capacity Enhancement for Photovoltaic Systems at Various Conditions Based on Volt-Var Control,’” 23rd Int. Middle East Power Syst. Conf. (MEPCON), Cairo, Egypt, 2022, 2022, doi: 10.1109/MEPCON55441.2022.1002.
M. A. I. I Hamdan, Ahmed Alfouly, “A literature review on hosting capacity methodologies and inverter control technologies for photovoltaic system,” 2023 IEEE Conf. Power Electron. Renew. Energy, 2023, doi: 10.1109/CPERE56564.2023.10119630.
IEEE Std 1547, IEEE Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces. 2018.
Australian/New Zealand Standard, “AS/NZS 4777.2:2015 - Grid connection of energy systems via inverters - Part 2: Inverter requirements,” Requir. Tech. rep., Inst. Electr. Electron. Eng., 2015.
C. Smart, I. Implementation, and W. Group, “IEEE 2030 . 5 Common California IOU Rule 21 Implementation Guide for Smart Inverters,” Tech. rep, Inst. Electr. Electron. Eng., 2016.
R. N. 14 Tech. rep, “Distributed Generating Facility Interconnection Standards Technical Requirements,” Revis. Sheet No. 34B-1, Hawaii Electr. Company, 2018.
“Optimal Volt Var control in Smart Distribution Networks,” no. May, 2021.
M. H. Rashid, “Power electronics: circuits, devices, and applications.,” 2009.
W. Sunderman, R. C. Dugan, and J. Smith, “Open source modeling of advanced inverter functions for solar photovoltaic installations,” Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Transm. Distrib. Conf., 2014, doi: 10.1109/tdc.2014.6863399.
A. Pagnetti and G. Delille, “A simple and efficient method for fast analysis of renewable generation connection to active distribution networks,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 125, pp. 133–140, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2015.03.025.
