Analytical Study of Land Surface Temperature with NDVI, NDBI, and NDBaI of Vehari District and Detect the UHI in Vehari City, Pakistan

Abstract

One most important climatic variables is the land surface temperature it is related to the temperature in an open area (1m) close to the earth's surface. The temperature in cities is slightly higher than in the neighboring rural areas it refers to the urban heat island. NDVI is used to detect vegetation as near-infrared waves are strongly reflected by the vegetation and red lights are absorbed by vegetation. NDBI is calculated by using the SWIR and NIR band, which is used to detect the built-up areas. NDBaI is recognizing the different types of barren soil that formed due to physiographic and human activities. For this study, we acquired the data from USGS and use the Landsat-8 (OLI/TIRS) imagery of 2016, 2019, and 2022 for analysis of Vehari, Pakistan. ArcMap 10.8.2 is used for the calculation of Land Surface Temperature, Urban Heat Island, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Difference Built-up Index, and Normalized Difference Barren Land Index. Land surface temperature can be calculated by using the single-channel algorithm method. The results of our analysis clearly show that the LST increases as the maximum value of land surface temperature in 2016 was 43.6 degree Celsius, in 2019 the maximum value of LST was 45.4 degree Celsius and in 2022 the maximum LST value was 51.3, clearly shows that the LST gradually increases. The correlation analysis of LST with NDVI, NDBI, and NDBaI shows that LST with NDVI has a strong negative correlation while LST has a strong positive correlation with NDBI and NDBaI. Extract the area of Vehari city from the district boundary and perform the UHI analysis on Vehari city the data show that the UHI gradually increases with an increase in the built-up area, as the maximum values of UHI in Vehari city in 2016 was 23 degree Celsius, in 2019 maximum value of UHI was 28 degree Celsius and in 2022 the maximum UHI value is 35 degree Celsius.