Virtual Laboratory for Electrochemical Titrations such as Conductometric, Potentiometric and pH Titrations: Solving Equations and Manipulating Data in Microsoft Office Excel Spreadsheet Software

Abstract

Chemistry courses include titrations as the main part of the practicals. The virtual laboratory has become a need in recent years because all universities have started teaching courses in Microsoft Teams, Zoom, or in Cisco Webex. Chemicals and apparatus are on the rise in price. As a result, online experiments have opted as beneficial complements to chemistry teaching. Virtual laboratory exercises for electrochemical titrations are examined in detail. Electrochemistry entails measuring conductivity, electrode potential, and solution pH. There are a lot of electrochemical analytical titrations that are quite precise. Conductometry, potentiometry, and pH titrations are simple and accurate and are modeled easily into virtual exercises.