A Review of Direct Water Quality Measurement System using Arduino Sensors Network

Abstract

Biosensors are analytical devices that convert a biological signal into a measurable and quantitative response. The proliferation of applications for these devices is rapidly increasing, and there is a growing trend toward continuous and real-time sensing fabrication. The advancement of modern science is improving these characteristics. These tools are portable and simple to use, among other significant benefits. A rapid reaction time, reduced size, a long life cycle, and a quick response time are further benefits. Furthermore, it has excellent selectivity, sensitivity, and specificity. Biosensors have been found to exhibit superior efficiency and cost-effectiveness when compared to traditional detection techniques in numerous applications. The present article functions as a tutorial review that expounds upon the fundamental principles of biosensors and their practical implementation in online detection systems designed to monitor water quality. The current review covers the fundamentals of biosensor concepts, biosensing transducers and elements, biosensor types, performance standards, and specific water quality monitoring applications. The various approaches used in this review to identify bacteria and heavy metals in water are also highlighted. Online sensing technologies are preferred to offline/onsite detecting methods for monitoring water quality because they offer real-time monitoring.