The Effect of Diabetes on the Possessions of Blood and Vessels

Abstract

The glycated hemoglobin is formed as a result of the binding of glucose to the amino end of the valine of the beta chain of hemoglobin by covalent bonds through a non-enzymatic reaction that results in the formation of the Schiff base. Red blood, therefore, hemoglobin is exposed to glucose for a period of 120-90 days and after the dissolution of old red blood cells and their departure from the circulation. HbA1C is likely to give a picture of the level of glucose in the blood for the past period. The clinical diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy depends mainly on the presence of proteinuria. Proteinuria or albuminuria gives evidence of a kidney disease condition. Albuminuria is a vital indicator and a known risk factor for kidney, heart and blood vessel disease. The normal albumin ratio in urine is less than 30 mg/L, while albuminuria ranges between 300-30 mg/L, and it is measured in urine in an easy and quick way, but this test is not sensitive, so the ratio of albumin to creatinine is adopted so that the results are more accurate.