Natural Chalcones as Emerging Anti-Gout Candidates

Abstract

A gout is a form of an arthritic syndrome characterized by severe chronic pain, discomfort, swelling, and redness in the joint present in the big toe as a result of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals accumulation. The present review article focuses on the ability of the natural and semi-synthetic chalcone compounds such as 3,5,2,4-tetrahydroxychalcone, 4-hydroxyderricin, hesperidin methylchalcone, isobavachalcone, okanin, polyhydroxylated chalcones, quercetin chalcone, sappan chalcone, tetrahydroxychalcone, trans-chalcone, xanthoangelol, xanthoangelol B, and xanthoangeleol F in expressing anti-gout activity by completely suppressing the active disease proliferating enzyme, xanthine oxidase (XO), reducing the pro-inflammatory components, and suppressing the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κβ). The review article will provide unparallel information on chalcone scaffolds bearing natural and semi-synthetic molecules having pharmacotherapeutic perspectives. However, at present these molecules are in nascent stages and only pre-clinical studies have been done so far and a large section of clinical studies are still pending. The structural, chemical, biological, pathophysiological, and miscellaneous aspects have an overall pharmaceutical interest which will motivate active researchers in the exploration and development of anti-gout agents for treating the associated symptoms.