Recent Perspectives of Nanotechnology in Pharmacotherapeutic Potential against Emerging Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Many different therapy techniques are used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). When diet and exercise are insufficient to manage hyperglycemia, patients are forced to start using antidiabetic drugs. However, these drugs' adverse effects may alter how a patient is managed. The main disadvantages of the current oral treatment regimens for type 2 diabetes are mostly related to the drug's rapid release and low absorption, which require increasing the frequency of doses. When adverse side effects start to manifest, patient compliance with therapy declines. Recent advances in nanotechnology have made it possible to create novel delivery methods that might increase the efficacy of diabetes treatment plans. The two crucial processes that have been the focus of all the effort are (a) encasing the medication in a nano-carrier system to preserve it, and (b) releasing the drug in a controlled and gradual manner. However, very few studies that were published in the literature used in vivo techniques to support their findings. Here, we review the limitations of currently available T2DM drugs and discuss recent developments in nanotechnology supported by in vivo glucose homeostasis models in mice and rats. The creation of medicinal nanocarriers that have longer release times, lower dosages, and more bioavailability might improve patient compliance. This creative solution might greatly enhance the quality of life for diabetics. Also explored is the use of metal nanoformulations as indirect hypoglycemic agents.